Like the counterpart of measuring sexual orientation through identity, behavior, and attraction measures, these varying approaches capture related dimensions of who might be classified as transgender but may not individually address all aspects of assessing gender identity and expression.
Another factor that can create variation among estimates of the LGBT community is survey methodology. Survey methods can affect the willingness of respondents to report stigmatizing identities and behaviors. Feelings of confidentiality and anonymity increase the likelihood that respondents will be more accurate in reporting sensitive information. Survey methods that include face-to-face interviews may underestimate the size of the LGBT community while those that include methods that allow respondents to complete questions on a computer or via the internet may increase the likelihood of LGBT respondents identifying themselves.
Varied sample sizes of surveys can also increase variation. Population-based surveys with a larger sample can produce more precise estimates see SMART, for more information about survey methodology. A final challenge in making population-based estimates of the LGBT community is the lack of questions asked over time on a single large survey.
One way of assessing the reliability of estimates is to repeat questions over time using a consistent method and sampling strategy. Adding questions to more large-scale surveys that are repeated over time would substantially improve our ability to make better estimates of the size of the LGBT population.
Findings shown in Figure 1 consider estimates of the percentage of adults who self-identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual across nine surveys conducted within the past seven years.
All are population-based surveys of adults, though some have age restrictions as noted. The lowest overall percentage comes from the Norwegian Living Conditions Survey at 1. In general, the non-US surveys, which vary from 1. In six of the surveys, lesbian- and gay-identified individuals outnumbered bisexuals. Women are substantially more likely than men to identify as bisexual.
Bisexuals comprise more than half of the lesbian and bisexual population among women in eight of the nine surveys considered see Figure 3. Conversely, gay men comprise substantially more than half of gay and bisexual men in seven of the nine surveys. Four of the surveys analyzed also asked questions about either sexual behavior or attraction. Within these surveys, a larger fraction of adults report same-sex attractions and behaviors than self-identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual see Figure 4.
With the exception of the Norwegian survey, these differences are substantial. The two US surveys and the Australian survey all suggest that adults are two to three times more likely to say that they are attracted to individuals of the same-sex or have had same-sex sexual experiences than they are to self-identify as LGB.
Population-based data sources that estimate the percentage of adults who are transgender are very rare. The Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey represents one of the few population-based surveys that include a question designed to identify the transgender population.
Analyses of the and surveys suggest that 0. Recall that the California Health Interview Survey estimates that 3. If both of these estimates are true, it implies that approximately 0.
Several studies have reviewed multiple sources to construct estimates of a variety of dimensions of gender identity. Conway suggests that between 0. Researchers in the United Kingdom Reed, et al.
Notably, the estimates of those who have transitioned are consistent with the survey-based estimates from California and Massachusetts. Younger Americans are increasingly likely to consider themselves part of the LGBTQ community: Nearly 16 percent of Generation Z, those 18 to 23 in , consider themselves something other than heterosexual.
That compares to just 2 percent of Americans 56 and older. While that pronounced difference could be caused by a true generational shift in sexual orientation and gender identity, Gallup editor Jeffrey Jones said it more likely reflects a greater willingness for younger Americans to be open about their identity.
In the past, people would maybe be more reluctant. For millennial LGBTQs, those 24 to 39 in , half said they were bisexual, or a little more than 5 percent of all millennial respondents. The poll aligns with growing support for LGBTQ rights evident in recent Gallup surveys , including a June poll showing that 67 percent of Americans back gay marriage.
In , when Gallup started asking about sexual orientation, only 53 percent believed same-sex couples should be allow to wed. The Gallup poll on sexual orientation and gender identity provides more detail than past polls, which only asked respondents to answer "yes" or "no" on whether they identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender.
However, the 1. In the inaugural poll, just 3. Surveying sexual orientation and gender identity is inherently imprecise, Jones admitted, given shifting definitions and varying levels of outness.
Explore some quotes from LGBT survey respondents about their coming out experiences. Unless otherwise noted, all references to whites, blacks and others are to the non-Hispanic components of those populations. Hispanics can be of any race. Non-whites refers to people whose race is not white e. In the survey instrument, when LGBT adults were asked about their identity, gays, lesbians and bisexuals were asked about their sexual orientation while transgender respondents were asked about their gender identity.
References to the political party identification of respondents include those who identify with a political party or lean towards a specific political party. Those identified as independents do not lean towards either the Democratic Party or the Republican Party. Many Pew Research Center staff members contributed to this research project. Paul Taylor oversaw the project and served as lead editor of the report.
Parker wrote chapters 2 and 3. Chapter 4 was written by Eileen Patten. Chapter 5 was written by Kiley and Patten. Cary Funk and Rich Morin wrote Chapter 6 of the report. Kiley wrote Chapter 7. The Pew Research Center thanks and acknowledges M. Lee Badgett and Gary J. They served as advisors to the project, providing invaluable guidance on survey questionnaire development, demographic analysis of U.
The focus group was moderated by Lopez and was composed of 12 individuals ages 18 and older. Participants were told that what they said might be quoted in the report or other products from the Pew Research Center, but that they would not be identified by name.
Chapter 1, Demographic Portrait and Research Challenges , examines the demographic profile of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender adults surveyed by the Pew Research Center and other prominent research organizations. It also includes data on same-sex couples from the U. Census Bureau. In addition, this chapter discusses the challenges involved in surveying this population and making estimates about its size and characteristics.
It also chronicles the ways in which LGBT adults have experienced discrimination in their own lives and looks at the extent to which they believe major institutions in this country are accepting of them.
Chapter 3, The Coming Out Experience , chronicles the journey LGBT adults have been on in realizing their sexual orientation or gender identity and sharing that information with family and friends. This chapter includes a brief section on online habits and behaviors.
It examines their relationship status and their desire to marry and have children—detailing the key differences across LGBT groups and between LGBT adults and the general public. Chapter 5, Identity and Community , explores how LGBT adults view their sexual orientation or gender identity in the context of their overall identity.
It looks at the extent to which this aspect of their lives is central to who they are, as well as how much they feel they have in common with other LGBT adults. Chapter 6, Religion , details the religious affiliation, beliefs and practices of LGBT adults and compares them with those of the general public.
It also looks at whether LGBT adults feel their religious beliefs are in conflict with their sexual orientation or gender identity, and how they feel they are perceived by various religious groups and institutions. It also includes LGBT views on key policy issues, such as immigration and gun control, and compares them with those of the general public.
Following the survey chapters is a detailed survey methodology statement. This includes descriptions of the sampling frame, questionnaire development and weighting procedures for the LGBT survey.
These are quotes from open-ended questions included in the survey and are meant to personalize the aggregate findings and add richness and nuance. Individual respondents are identified only by their age, gender and sexual orientation or gender identity. Fresh data delivered Saturday mornings. It organizes the public into nine distinct groups, based on an analysis of their attitudes and values. Even in a polarized era, the survey reveals deep divisions in both partisan coalitions.
Use this tool to compare the groups on some key topics and their demographics. Pew Research Center now uses as the last birth year for Millennials in our work. President Michael Dimock explains why. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research.
Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Newsletters Donate My Account.
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