It generally refers to land where people have made their permanent home, and to all work areas that are considered occupied and used for agricultural or any other economic purpose. Thus, there can be various types of ecumenes, each having its own unique characteristics population ecumene, agricultural ecumene, industrial ecumene, etc. Ecumene is derived from the Greek root oixos meaning inhabited and nenon meaning space.
The national population ecumene includes dissemination blocks with a minimum population density. To ensure visibility for small-scale thematic mapping, the detailed ecumene limits are manually generalized and small, discontiguous ecumene pockets are aggregated. The national agricultural ecumene includes all dissemination areas with 'significant' agricultural activity.
Agricultural indicators, such as the ratio of agricultural land on census farms relative to total land area, and total economic value of agricultural production, are used.
Regional variations are also taken into account. The ecumene is generalized for small-scale mapping. It is recommended that the ecumene concept be used for dot and choropleth maps. He first describes four functional ecumene types: habitation ecumene — areas that consist of urban land use and urban services; exploitation ecumene — areas often adjacent to the habitation ecumene such as agricultural land and resource extraction; linking ecumene — such as roads, railways, pipelines, power and telephone lines that enable scattered habitation and exploitation ecumenes to develop; and sub-ecumene — small, 'unattractive' areas which interrupt the continuity of southern Canada, as well as immense empty areas in the interior of the Arctic and subarctic.
He further states that in certain cases there is a broad correlation between the functional types of ecumene and their form, such as elongated settlement forms along railways, and dispersed oasis type forms associated with resource extraction. Hamelin notes that the ecumene takes four general forms: bloc form — corresponds to an older type of settlement in which the physical environment enables expansion; linear form — occurs in each of the chief functional types of ecumene, and extends along railways, highways, valleys or shorelines; point form — villages and small towns that are either isolated, linked and temporary points throughout two-thirds of northern Canada; and dispersed form — refers to regions where people are scattered over a few dozen square miles.
Hamelin's zonal arrangement of the Canadian ecumene Figure 2. The categories in the legend represent a combination of the functional types of ecumene and their form. Kariel examines Alberta's settlement pattern by nearest neighbour analysis using the total area of the province and the settled area, or ecumene. Alberta's ecumene is denoted as 'settled area' on his map Figure 2. Kariel notes that the settled area conforms closely to Gadja's map and corresponds with the agricultural area. He also reviews the parts of Alberta not included in the settled area, such as most of the Rocky Mountains and their foothills, the Badlands and extremely arid areas to the east, all of the Cypress Hills near the southeast corner, and so on.
In keeping with the definition used in the Canadian census, he defines urban places as settlements with 1, persons or more Kariel , p. The delineation of the ecumene is restricted to the Canadian Arctic by two authors. In his discussion of Climate and the Thule Ecumene , Jacobs examines the extent of Thule 3 occupation in relation to environmental factors to determine the environmental limits on human occupation of the region.
He notes that the term ecumene in its most restricted sense means the entire domain of a particular people Jacobs , p. He presents a simplified version of Milton Freeman's previously published map of the Thule ecumene Figure 2. Rundstrom suggests that the Arctic should be viewed in the context of its aboriginal population:. Caribou paths, traplines, and an extensive network of travel routes for hunting, visiting, and recreation constitute the ordinary landscape of Inuit life.
The map presents an unusual view, in that it looks south from above the North Pole, and the scale is larger in the north and then progressively decreases toward the south. As previously mentioned, some authors merely refer to the ecumene concept in the context of their research. Several papers, which are presented in chronological order, are summarized below to demonstrate that this notion is quite popular and not as esoteric as one might think.
In his treatise of population geography, Trewartha argues that population distribution involves dividing the land portions of the earth into permanently inhabited ecumene and uninhabited or temporarily inhabited non-ecumene parts. He further describes that the non-ecumene is composed of extensive contiguous areas as well as smaller non-contiguous holes imbedded within the ecumene Trewartha , p.
Enequist discusses the concept of oecumene and non-oecumene in the introduction of his study on the advance and retreat of rural settlement in northwestern Sweden. Near the end of his paper, he discusses the Canadian ecumene.
Wolfe agrees with Jefferson's observation that the ecumene is a narrow fringe stretching along the U. Even though there is some economic development in Canada's north, he laments that:. The key difference between the two is that arithmetic is total population divided by total land while physiological is total population divided by arable land. The physiological density or real population density is the number of people per unit area of arable land.
A higher physiological density suggests that the available agricultural land is being used by more and may reach its output limit sooner than a country that has a lower physiological density. As of , India is in the later half of the third stage of the demographic transition , with a population of 1.
It is nearly 40 years behind in the demographic transition process compared to EU countries, Japan, etc. Arithmetic density : Divides the entire population of a country by the total land area to come up with a population density for the country as a whole.
Physiologic density : A more accurate way to measure a country's population density by only taking into account land that is used by humans. An intervening obstacle is an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration. Where is Canada's ecumene located? Category: science geography.
It is south of the center of the province of Alberta by a hundred miles. No other province has ecumene so far north. None of Canada's large cities is 65 miles from the United States as the crow flies. How much of the world is Ecumene? How many provinces are in Canada? What would non ecumene mean? What does ecumene mean in geography?
What areas of the world are sparsely populated? How is population measured? What is a discontinuous ecumene? What is agricultural density? What is agricultural density in human geography?
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